Pinus halepensis affected by Tomicus destruens
Morphology and biology
T. destruens measures 3,5 - 4,5 mm long and has a black head and thorax. The elytrons are brown, just like the legs. Oviposition takes place in the maternal galleries, in incisions made by the female on both sides of the gallery. The eggs are white and approximately 0.5 mm in diameter.
Physical appearance of Tomicus destruens
The number of eggs laid by the females can vary between 60 and more than 200. The larva is apodous and curved. It is also white with a brown head. When the larvae hatch, they barely reach 1 mm in length, but in the 4th and final larval stage their length is equal to or slightly greater than that of the imagoes.
The pupa grows at the end of the larval galleries, inside the pupal chamber. They are found on the bark or between the bark and the wood. These pupae are whitish and already show the visible appendages of the imago.
T. destruens has two clearly different stages in its life: the first stage is under the bark of weak trees,where copulation, egg laying and development of the new generation take place. The second stage is in the branches of the crowns of healty pine trees , where the imagoes feed.
T. destruens begins to fly from mid-September until the maximum temperature is below 20 °C, which may also occur during short periods of time from December to February when it can fly. Between October and December, they lay the eggs of the first generation which will emerge in March.
When the maximum temperatures in February or March rise above 20°C again, reproductive flight also begins anew, producing the second generation of eggs being laid. This generation will then emerge in May or at the very latest, early June. Both generations are siblings because they come from the same parental generation.
Reproduction begins after finding a host tree through sense of smell (at long distance) and sight (at short distance). Once located, the females begin to bore a hole in the tree trunks and thick branches. Each male enters after each female and following copulation, stays behind the female getting rid of sawdust whilst she excavates the vertical and uniramous gallery. The female lays each egg individually, in small incisions on either side of the gallery and then blocks the hole to stop predators from getting to the eggs.
A pair of Tomicus destruens inside a subcortical gallery
A few days later the larvae are born and start to perforate galleries that are perpendicular to the maternal galleries, filling them with sawdust and excrements as they pass by to stop predators from entering. The larva goes through four stages, later changing into a pupa inside a small chamber underneath the tree bark, which can leave a mark in the wood.
The dyspigmented preimagoes, remain for some time in the chamber, to later go outside through a hole that they perforate in the bark.
Small branches perforated by Tomicus destruens and blown down by the wind
After that, they fly to the crowns of the trees and insert themselves into the pith of dying branches, to feed on them and mature sexually. The imagoes remain in the tree crowns throughout summer, moving from one branch to another.
The tips of the branches are very often severed, falling to the ground. The parent generation also needs to spend some time feeding on branches between the egg laying in Autumn and again in Spring.
Symptoms and damage
The Tomicus produces two types of damage: in the subcortical galleries of the tree trunks and thick branches; and galleries in the branches of the crowns. Attack on the tree crowns is irrelevant, given that the trees they attack have enough vigour to regenerate the losses. On the other hand, attacks on the tree trunk are always fatal, because fungi are introduced through the maternal galleries and especially the larval galleries, causing degradation of the phloem surrounding the gallery. In addition, whilst the larvae feed, a mechanical destruction of the phloemic channels is produced.
They select trees or parts of the trunk, with bark that is not too thin or too thick. They do not tend to attack in replanted areas. The attacked trees are easily recognisable because of the volcanoes of yellow resin that surround the entrance holes. Sometimes trees can be found with rejected attacks, alive, but with volcanoes of resin.
Galleries and volcanoes of resin
They prefer to reproduce in trees that are in the early stages of deterioration, mainly due to lack of water, competition with other trees, damage by fire or mechanical damage.
They behave like primary or aggressive species, capable of killing quite strong trees and do not usually attack previously attacked trees by other bark beetles (except for very rare cases, such as Pinus pinaster being attacked by Ips sexdentatus).
In the absence of occasional damage, such as fires or drought, the trees at most risk of attack are those that are found in poor, not very deep soil with hardly any rain and too many trees per hectare.
Frequent attacks on very old trees (>80 years old) have also been detected, it is possibly linked to the trees aging. Another risk factor is the forest work involved in clearing and extracting trees.
In some cases, attacks have been registered in healthy trees.
Particular attention must be paid to the periods of intense and prolonged drought, as they influence in Tomicus destruens not only attacking individual trees, but also large masses of forest.
Between 1994 and 1996, nearly 40,000 hectares of pine forest were affected after a prolonged drought in the Region of Murcia.
Abandoned wood from forest work is the perfect material for Tomicus destruens to reproduce on, and once the population density has reached high levels, this species could become a real threat for other trees and forests. With regard to the pest situation, at first the dead trees appear to be alone or in small circular areas.
The population of the insect grows rapidly and the outbreaks change into continuous patches, which are more extensive every time.
Visual diagnosis is based on the presence of volcanoes of yellow resin on the tree trunks and thick branches. Normally this symptom is detected after the crown suddenly turns yellow. By removing the bark, the presence of the species is confirmed.
This discolouration is produced in advanced stages of infestation, when the parent and part of the offspring generation have abandoned the host.
This makes controlling the pest all the more difficult. By working solely on the part of the offspring population and practically nothing on the parental generation, the treatments for cutting down and debarking a tree are only partly effective.
In very weak or cut down trees no volcanoes of resin form, so diagnosis can only be carried out by removing the bark on the trees and identifying the galleries.
There are two types of damage, with different methods of management.
EXTENSIVE DAMAGE, in forest areas. The following levels of damage have been suggested:
Grade 0: Stand with some dead trees, possibility of rejected attacks.
Grade 1: Stand with dispersed dead trees.
Grade 2: Stand with dead trees and some small dispersed circular areas.
Grade 3: Stand with clear evidence of large or many small circular areas tending to mass mortality.
Grade 4: Mass mortality.
LOCALISED DAMAGE in public areas, such as parks and gardens.
Grade 0: Some dead trees and rejected attacks on others.
Grade 1: Death of less than half of the trees.
Extended damage: Grade 1
Localised damage: Grade 2
Localised damage: Grade 2
Localised damage: Grade 2